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Golian Y, Beheshtipour S. Enhancing the Efficiency of Photodynamic Therapy for Brain Tumors using Nanothechnology. ASWTR 2025; 22 (3) :1-17
URL: http://icml.ir/article-1-683-en.html

Introduction: This review aims to introduce and evaluate photodynamic therapy as a targeted, localized treatment modality. Its primary goal is to demonstrate photodynamic therapy's potential as a precise photochemical surgical tool for eradicating brain tumor cells in regions inaccessible to conventional therapies, while minimizing adverse effects.
Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, examining the principles of photodynamic therapy, its applications in brain tumor therapy, and various photosensitizers. Data were synthesized from credible scientific sources, including clinical, pre-clinical, and in vitro studies. The mechanism of photodynamic therapy is explained, focusing on the three key elements: the photosensitizer, light source, and molecular oxygen. The properties and applications of seven principal PS agents—Porfimer Sodium, 5-Aminolevulinic Acid, Temoporfin, Chlorin, Talaporfin, Hypericin, and Phthalocyanines—are analyzed. The role of novel nanotechnological strategies in enhancing therapeutic efficacy is also explored.
Results: Evidence from the literature confirms that photodynamic therapy, utilizing various photosensitizers, is effective in destroying glioblastoma cells. Studies employing different photosensitizers doses (e.g., 1–2.5 µg/mL for Porfimer Sodium) and light doses (ranging from 4 to 100 J/cm²) have achieved significant therapeutic outcomes. Photodynamic therapy has been shown to inhibit glioma cell dynamism and migration, induce apoptosis, and reduce tumor volume. Several clinical studies report a markedly increased survival rate compared to standard treatments. While photodynamic therapy demonstrates better systemic tolerability than conventional therapies, local side effects, including cerebral edema and skin photosensitivity, are noted. Nanotechnology-based approaches improve treatment efficacy by enhancing blood-brain barrier penetration and promoting the selective accumulation of photosensitizers within the tumor.
Conclusions: Photodynamic therapy represents a promising, minimally invasive adjuvant therapy for brain tumors, especially inoperable ones. Despite challenges like limited light penetration, poor solubility of some photosensitizers agents, and tumor heterogeneity, advancements in third-generation photosensitizers, nanoparticle-based delivery systems, and combination therapies are poised to improve outcomes and reduce toxicity. Future research should focus on optimizing treatment protocols, enhancing photosensitizers bioavailability, and conducting large-scale clinical evaluations of side effects.