en عمومى General پژوهشي Research <div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Background:</strong> Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune syndrome which mainly affects joint spaces, and leads to the joint destruction. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess potent immunosuppression functions that make them eligible candidates for RA cell-based immunomodulation therapy. This study aimed to compare the immunomodulatory effects of human bone marrow-derived MSCs (hBM-MSCs) and adipose-derived MSCs (hAD-MSCs) and evaluate their therapeutic potential in an experimental RA model.<br> <strong>Methods:</strong> The immunosuppressive effects of hBM-MSCs and hAD-MSCs on human and rat lymphocytes were first assessed in vitro using mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assays. Subsequently, their therapeutic potential was evaluated in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rats that received daily MSC injections for 5 days. Clinical, radiographic, histopathological, and cytokine analyses were performed to assess treatment outcomes. Both hBM-MSCs and hAD-MSCs significantly inhibited rat and human lymphocyte proliferation in vitro compared with controls (p < 0.001).<br> <strong>Results:</strong> BM-MSCs and AD-MSCs similarly inhibited lymphocyte proliferation in-vitro. In-vivo administration of either MSC source significantly reduced arthritis severity compared with untreated groups (p<0.001). Additionally, both hAD- and BM-MSCs significantly inhibited the expression of gene coding of inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-&alpha; (TNF-&alpha;), interferon- &gamma; (IFN-&gamma;), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and induced the expression of gene coding of anti-inflammatory cytokines transforming growth factor &beta; (TGF-&beta;) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) compared with untreated groups (p<0.001).<br> <strong>Conclusion:</strong> These results suggest that the hAD-MSCs could represent a valuable tool and a useful alternative to hBM-MSCs for stem cell-based therapy in chronic and immunologic inflammatory diseases.</div> Rheumatoid arthritis, Mesenchymal stem cells, bone marrow, Adipose tissue, Pro-inflammatory cytokine, MSC-mediated immunomoregulation 29 40 http://icml.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-657-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Mehrnaz Tayebi Kamardi mehrnaz_tayebi@yahoo.com 1050031947532846005576 1050031947532846005576 No Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran. Samaneh Hosseini hosseini.samaneh@royaninstitute.org 1050031947532846005577 1050031947532846005577 No Department of Cell Engineering, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Tachnology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran Arash Pourgholaminejad arash_pgn@yahoo.com 1050031947532846005578 1050031947532846005578 No Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. Mohammad-Hassan Asghari Vostikolaee h_asghari65@yahoo.com 1050031947532846005579 1050031947532846005579 No Animal Core Facility, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran. Niloofar Sodeifi sniloofar@yahoo.com 1050031947532846005580 1050031947532846005580 No Department of Pathology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran Forough Azam Sayahpour fa_rosacea@yahoo.com 1050031947532846005581 1050031947532846005581 No Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran. Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad eslami@royaninstitute.org 1050031947532846005582 1050031947532846005582 Yes Department of Cell Engineering, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Tachnology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran